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passage 4
P1
The French biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829) outlined a theory of evolutionary change in 1809, 50 years before Darwin's . ██ ███ ██████ ██ ████████ █████████ █████ ████ ███ ████ █████████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ █████ ███████████ ███ ████ ████ ██ ██ █████ █████████ ███ ███ ███████████████ ████ ████ █████████ ███
Lamarck's Theory of Evolution ·
Environmental adaptations could be inherited
Critique ·
Consensus view among scientists is that Lamarck is wrong
Steele ·
Claims to have evidence for Lamarckism
Steele claims to have found evidence for Lamarckian hereditary mechanism in the immune system. Not sure what this means but presumably the rest of the passage will flesh this out.
P2
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Phenomenon ·
Complexity of the immune system
How does our immune system work? If knowledge of how to defend against attacks are coded in the genes, how does it defend against a new disease, something it's never encountered before?
Partial Explanation ·
Some immune system cells mutate a lot
The immune system doesn't know. But "typo" mutations (when an error occurs when transcribing DNA into RNA) happen a lot which allows immune system to test different defenses.
P3
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Steele's Hypothesis ·
Supporting Lamarckism
Steele hypothesizes that the "typo" mutations that end up working gets coded back into the immune cell's DNA. Steele further hypothesizes that a virus then carries the altered immune cell DNA into the DNA of the reproductive cells. That's the mechanism by which an environmentally induced adaptation (in the immune cell) gets inherited.
P4
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Evidence ·
for Steele's Hypothesis?
Steele ·
Yes, circumstantial evidence
Steele claims that there's circumstantial evidence. Something about a pattern of mutations. Not sure what this means.
Other Biologists ·
No, there are simpler explanations for the "pattern of mutations"
Passage Style
Critique or Debate
Phenomenon-Hypothesis
24.
What is the primary function ██ ███ ████ █████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██ ███ ███████ ██ █ ██████
a
to present various ██████████ ████ ████ ████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
b
to dismiss the ██████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ ██ ███ █████ █████████ ██ ████████
c
to explain how ███ ██████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ███ ████████ ████ ███████
d
to suggest several ████████ ██████████ ███ ███████ ████████ █████████ ███ ██████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████
e
to indicate the ██████ ██ ███ ████████ ███ ███ ██████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ ███ █████████ ██████████